Fault - Loop

: This represents the impedance at the fault point itself. It can vary widely, from a low value for a solid fault (a direct short circuit) to a higher value for an arcing fault or a fault through an impedance (e.g., a person or an animal).

: The "live" wire carrying current from the transformer to the point of the fault. fault loop

Zs=Ze+(R1+R2)cap Z sub s equals cap Z sub e plus open paren cap R sub 1 plus cap R sub 2 close paren Zecap Z sub e : This represents the impedance at the fault point itself