Historia - Santillana 4 Eso ((exclusive))

I understand you're looking for a solid guide for Historia (Santillana) for 4º ESO (Spanish secondary education, typically ages 15–16). This subject covers Modern History (15th–18th centuries) and parts of Contemporary History (19th century), depending on your region (Spain has autonomous communities with different curricula—e.g., Madrid, Andalusia, Catalonia). Below is a structured self-study guide based on the standard Santillana “Historia 4 ESO” textbook series (e.g., “Saber Hacer” or “Construyendo Mundos”).

1. Key Topics (Standard Syllabus) The book usually covers: Unit 1: The 18th Century – Old Regime and Enlightenment

Demographic, economic, and social characteristics of the Old Regime Enlightened despotism: “Everything for the people, but without the people” The Enlightenment: key thinkers (Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot) Enlightened reforms in Spain: Charles III, the Esquilache Riots, expulsion of the Jesuits

Unit 2: The American Revolutions and Liberalism historia santillana 4 eso

Independence of the USA (1776) French Revolution (1789–1799): causes, phases (National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, Convention, Directory) Napoleonic Empire Liberal revolutions of 1820, 1830, 1848

Unit 3: The Industrial Revolution

Agricultural revolution and population growth Technical innovations (steam engine, spinning jenny, iron production) Factory system and working conditions First labor movements: Luddites, trade unions, Marxism, anarchism I understand you're looking for a solid guide

Unit 4: Restoration and Nationalism

Congress of Vienna (1815) and Holy Alliance Liberal vs. absolutist restoration Unification of Italy (Cavour, Garibaldi) and Germany (Bismarck) Nationalist movements in the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires

Unit 5: 19th-Century Spain (Part 1) – Crisis of the Old Regime the Esquilache Riots

War of Independence (1808–1814) and Constitution of 1812 (“La Pepa”) Ferdinand VII: absolutist and liberal triennium Carlist Wars Isabel II’s reign: moderates, progressives, and the 1868 Glorious Revolution

Unit 6: 19th-Century Spain (Part 2) – Restoration System