Utilizing fans, liquid cooling loops, or even phase-change materials. This is necessary for high-density computing where passive cooling can't keep up. 4. Power Integrity and Efficiency

As current flows through traces and components, the inherent resistance of the material converts electrical energy into thermal energy (

High temperatures accelerate chemical processes like electromigration, which can lead to permanent circuit failure.

Standard FR4 boards aren't great at conducting heat. For "sizzling" designs, engineers often turn to or ceramic substrates that offer much higher thermal conductivity. 3. Active vs. Passive Cooling

Modern CPUs and GPUs will intentionally slow down to prevent self-destruction, killing your performance.