| Platform | Description | Example | |----------|-------------|---------| | (E. coli) | Simple, rapid growth; no post-translational modifications | Insulin, human growth hormone | | Yeast (S. cerevisiae, P. pastoris) | Eukaryotic; performs some modifications | Hepatitis B vaccine, insulin analogs | | Mammalian cells (CHO, HEK293) | Complex, correct human-like protein folding/glycosylation | Monoclonal antibodies, EPO | | Transgenic animals/plants | Production in milk or plant tissues (pharming) | Antithrombin (goat milk) | | Cell-free systems | Lysates used for rapid, on-demand protein synthesis | Personalized cancer vaccines (research) |
That gene is inserted into a "vector" (usually a circular piece of DNA called a plasmid). pharmaceutical biotechnology fundamentals and applications