where EE includes , thermic effect of food (TEF) , physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) , and non‑exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) . A chronic positive Δ indicates weight gain; a negative Δ indicates loss.
include insulin (promotes DNL, inhibits β‑oxidation), glucagon/epinephrine (stimulate β‑oxidation, ketogenesis), and AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) which phosphorylates ACC, decreasing malonyl‑CoA and thereby disinhibiting CPT‑I. hmn-273
The colon harbors ~10¹⁴ microbial cells that ferment indigestible carbohydrates (dietary fiber) to short‑chain fatty acids (SCFAs) – acetate, propionate, and butyrate. SCFAs serve as (especially butyrate for colonocytes), signaling molecules (via G‑protein‑coupled receptors FFAR2/3), and modulators of immune function and metabolic homeostasis . where EE includes , thermic effect of food
| Category | Examples | Primary Functions | |----------|----------|-------------------| | | Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, alcohol | Provide energy (kJ/kcal) and building blocks for tissues. | | Micronutrients | Vitamins (A, B‑complex, C, D, E, K), minerals (Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg, I, Se) | Cofactors for enzymatic reactions, structural roles, signaling. | | Non‑nutritive bioactives | Phytochemicals (polyphenols, carotenoids), probiotics | Modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, gut microbiota. | The colon harbors ~10¹⁴ microbial cells that ferment
A novel sulfonamide and synthetic antitumor agent that has been studied for its ability to target transcription factors and inhibit tumor growth in mouse xenograft models.
| Nutrient | kcal/g | Typical Oxidative Pathway | ATP Yield (per gram) | |----------|--------|---------------------------|----------------------| | Carbohydrate (glucose) | 4 | Glycolysis → TCA → ETC | ~30–32 ATP | | Fat (triglyceride) | 9 | β‑Oxidation → Acetyl‑CoA → TCA → ETC | ~106 ATP | | Protein (average AA) | 4 | Deamination → TCA intermediates → ETC | ~21 ATP |