For lung resection or cardiac surgery: 2–4 weeks pre-op exercise → reduces hospital LOS by 2.5 days and major complications by 50%.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic respiratory diseases are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While acute medical interventions—such as surgery, stenting, or pharmacotherapy—are vital for survival, they often leave patients with residual functional impairment, reduced exercise tolerance, and a diminished quality of life. cardio pulmonary rehabilitation program