The EUIPO’s own 2021 study admits that while some pirate sites accept payments from illegal gambling or pay-per-install botnets, Instead, the pirate economy is dominated by:
The $71 billion figure assumes every pirated copy is a lost sale. That’s false. Piracy is often displacement (wouldn’t have bought anyway) or sampling (leads to purchase). A 2019 European Commission study found that for blockbuster movies, piracy reduced box office by only 4% on average. For music, streaming has made piracy largely irrelevant for convenience reasons. piracy megathreat