Essay Text: "This relentless miniaturization was predicted by Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, who observed that the number of transistors on a chip doubles approximately every two years. This 'Moore’s Law' has driven the digital revolution for five decades. However, we are now facing physical limits. As transistor features shrink to just a few nanometers (thousands of times thinner than a human hair), quantum effects like electron tunneling cause leakage. Manufacturers are now building vertically with 3D transistors and exploring new materials and architectures to continue the pace of innovation."
